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(A secondary group entails two or more people involved in an impersonal relationship)

A secondary group entails two or more people involved in an impersonal relationship

(and have come together for a specific, practical purpose.)

and have come together for a specific, practical purpose.

(Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people)

Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people

(as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right.)

as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right.

(Sometimes, primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships.)

Sometimes, primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships.

(This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships)

This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships

(with coworkers as they share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfaction.)

with coworkers as they share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfaction.

(Several conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise.)

Several conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise.

(First, group size is essential.)

First, group size is essential.

(We find it difficult to get to know people personally)

We find it difficult to get to know people personally

(when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups.)

when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups.

(In small groups, we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them.)

In small groups, we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them.

(Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others.)

Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others.

(Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity)

Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity

(makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings.)

makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings.

(Third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases)

Third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases

(as we have frequent and continuous contact.)

as we have frequent and continuous contact.

(Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time)

Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time

(and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.)

and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.

(Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society.)

Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society.

(First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process.)

First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process.

(Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society.)

Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society.

(Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values)

Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values

(that equip us for social life.)

that equip us for social life.

(Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society)

Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society

(because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide)

because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide

(the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.)

the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.

(Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings)

Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings

(in which we meet most of our personal needs.)

in which we meet most of our personal needs.

(Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being.)

Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being.

(Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties)

Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties

(has implications for the group's functioning.)

has implications for the group's functioning.

(For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together,)

For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together,

(the better their record is.)

the better their record is.

(Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control.)

Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control.

(Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital)

Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital

(to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile.)

to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile.

(Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening)

Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening

(to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms.)

to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms.

(For instance, some social groups employ shunning)

For instance, some social groups employ shunning

((a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person))

(a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person)

(as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group.)

as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group.

(Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences.)

Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences.

(By providing us with definitions of situations,)

By providing us with definitions of situations,

(they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings.)

they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings.

(Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.)

Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.